While the aftermath of the December 2004 tsunami added to the problems of civil war in Sri Lanka, a miraculous transition from conflict and disaster to peace and new development evolved in Aceh, the rebellious Indonesian province on the northern tip of Sumatra. Most remarkably, as shown in this book, the miracle was largely due to democratisation. For once, the combination of international in-tervention and local popular engagement paid off. Why was this possible? How can the process be sustained? In this book, senior scholars and grounded researchers provide answers in comparative and theoretical perspectives.

The promising changes in Aceh fly in the face of conventional wisdom and theoretical predictions. The dynamics refute the increasingly common conclusion by experts, donors and politicians such as the former Indonesian vice president Jusuf Kalla, that there is a need to constrain democracy because 'too many freedoms and elections' are likely to generate more conflict and abuses of power. Yet this does not mean that Aceh provides unconditional support for the converse idea of peace by liberal de-mocracy and markets. This book shows instead that peace was 'social democratic' in character, based as it was on strong politics, regulation of big business, the transformation of conflict within a demo-cratic framework and people's capacity to use and improve the new institutions.

The book also shows, however, that it is difficult to sustain these positive dynamics. As in so many other post-colonial processes, the 'transitional arrangements' often breed special privileges for the well connected rather than democratic control of public affairs. Profitable instead of democratic peace is thus gaining ground. And the 2009 elections have de facto fostered a power sharing agree-ment between Jakarta and the old rebel leaders at the expense of the inclusive democracy that was negotiated by Ahtisaari. Can the latter be resurrected?

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